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In this article I examine the relationship between industrialization and the exclusion of southern blacks from cities and occupations between 1865 and 1910—an era dubbed by social historians as the New South. I demonstrate that the interaction of such factors as percentage of blacks, percentage of whites, and white racism played an important role in forcing blacks to participate in a secondary labor market. The findings show that ascriptive judgments often are the rule and not necessarily the exception when industrialization proceeds, populations expand, and racist ideology persists.

The impact of the Jewish boycott of the Jim Braddock-Max Schmeling fight in the latter 1930s is assessed in this paper. The author's interpretation of historical evidence surround ing this event is that the Jewish boycott played only a minor role in the cancellation of this sporting event. It is suggested that the cancellation of this sporting event is better understood in the light of the search for the "Great White Hope." This study demonstrates how groups infuse sport with socially significant symbolic political values to further some desired objective. Through the process of using sport as a political weapon, athletes defined as political adversaries are often denied or restricted from competitive opportunities.

In the United States, collegiate and professional sports are avenues of social mobility for individuals from low-income households and are particularly important for blacks. But mobility of a few minority individuals does not erase the stereotypical image of their group held by the dominant group. When individual members of a minority group acquire positions in the dominant society from which they formerly had been excluded, they re main inferior and unequal in the minds of dominants. This paper compares procedures at Kansas State University for recruiting black football players with those for recruiting non- black players. Two themes are argued in this paper. First, minority individuals must be more qualified occupationally if they are to participate in a dominant setting. Second, in a dominant setting, members of minority groups are treated unequally regardless of how qualified they are.

Impact of the continuing upward mobility of middle class Blacks on racial solidarity and social cohesion with lower class Blacks; US.

Despite the theoretical & practical political relevance of the persistence of ascriptive group identification, almost nothing is known empirically about factors influencing it. Using data from 1,900 white Rs to the 1972 American Election Study of the Survey Research Center (U of Michigan), the correlates of group identification as "white" among white Americans are identified. In particular, the two-step linkage between external & perceived black threat, & group identification posited by the competition perspective is examined. The results of the ordinary least squares analysis indicate that this linkage may be less certain & more complex than previously suggested. 1 Table, 50 References. Modified HA